[2022-06-30] NYT - 随着西方对抗俄罗斯和中国，一个更强大的北约出现
![]() It is a fundamental shift for a military alliance born in the Cold War and scrambling to respond to a newly reshaped world.
对于一个诞生于冷战、急于应对新重塑的世界的军事联盟来说，这是一个根本性的转变。
By Steven Erlanger and Michael D. Shear
June 29, 2022, 5:24 p.m. ET
作者：Steven Erlanger 和 Michael D. Shear
2022 年 6 月 29 日下午 5:24 美东时间
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MADRID — Faced with a newly aggressive Russia, NATO leaders on Wednesday outlined a muscular new vision that names Moscow as the military alliance’s primary adversary but also, for the first time, declares China to be a strategic “challenge.”
马德里——面对新近咄咄逼人的俄罗斯，北约领导人周三概述了一个强有力的新愿景，将莫斯科列为军事联盟的主要对手，但也首次宣布中国是一个战略“挑战”。
It was a fundamental shift for an alliance that was born in the Cold War but came to view a post-Soviet Russia as a potential ally, and did not focus on China at all.
对于一个诞生于冷战、但开始将后苏联时代的俄罗斯视为潜在盟友、根本不关注中国的联盟来说，这是一个根本性的转变。
But that was before Feb. 24, when Russian forces poured across the border into Ukraine, and Chinese leaders pointedly did not join in the global condemnation that followed.
但那是在 2 月 24 日之前，当时俄罗斯军队越过边境进入乌克兰，中国领导人明确地没有加入随后的全球谴责。
“The deepening strategic partnership between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation and their mutually reinforcing attempts to undercut the rules-based international order run counter to our values and interests,” NATO leaders said in a new mission statement issued during their summit in Madrid.
北约领导人在马德里峰会期间发表的一份新使命声明中说：“中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦之间不断深化的战略伙伴关系，以及它们相互加强的削弱基于规则的国际秩序的企图，与我们的价值观和利益背道而驰。”。
The announcement came on a day when a top U.S. intelligence official said victory in Ukraine was not yet in Russia’s grasp, the two sides said they had exchanged more than 200 prisoners of war, and a Ukrainian official said, “There are battles everywhere.”
当天，美国一名高级情报官员表示，乌克兰的胜利尚未掌握在俄罗斯手中，双方表示已交换了 200 多名战俘，而一名乌克兰官员表示，“到处都是战斗”。
In a flurry of steps at the summit in Madrid, which ends Thursday, President Biden and other NATO leaders sought to respond to President Vladimir V. Putin’s resurgent and bellicose Russia. Just before publishing the mission statement, they extended formal membership invitations to the until-now nonaligned Nordic countries Finland and Sweden, paving the way for NATO’s most significant enlargement in more than a decade.
在周四结束的马德里峰会上，拜登总统和其他北约领导人采取了一系列步骤，试图回应总统黄俄の爹的复兴和好战的俄罗斯。 就在发布使命宣言之前，他们向迄今为止不结盟的北欧国家芬兰和瑞典发出了正式成员邀请，为北约十多年来最重大的扩张铺平了道路。
“In a moment when Putin has shattered peace in Europe and attacked the very tenets of the rules-based order, the United States and our allies — we’re going to step up,” Mr. Biden said. “We’re stepping up.”
“在黄俄の爹破坏欧洲和平并攻击基于规则的秩序、美国和我们的盟友的原则的时刻——我们将挺身而出，”拜登先生说。 “我们正在加紧努力。”
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The secretary-general of NATO, Jens Stoltenberg, announced that thousands of new troops would be deployed in eight countries on NATO’s eastern flank. And Mr. Biden said that Washington would deploy an Army garrison headquarters and a field support battalion in Poland, the first U.S. forces permanently located on NATO’s eastern flank.
北约秘书长延斯·斯托尔滕贝格宣布，将在北约东翼的八个国家部署数千名新部队。 拜登先生说，华盛顿将在波兰部署一个陆军驻军总部和一个野战支援营，这是美国第一支永久驻扎在北约东翼的部队。
China offered a chilly response to the new NATO moves.
中国对北约的新举措做出了冷淡的回应。
“We oppose certain elements clamoring for NATO’s involvement in Asia Pacific, or an Asia Pacific version of NATO based on military alliance,” said China’s ambassador to the United Nations, Zhang Jun. “The outdated Cold War script must not be reenacted in Asia Pacific. The turmoil in parts of the world must not be allowed in Asia Pacific.”
中国驻联合国大使张军表示：“我们反对某些分子鼓吹北约介入亚太地区，反对以军事同盟为基础的亚太版北约。过时的冷战剧本绝不能在亚太地区重演。” . 世界部分地区的动荡不能在亚太地区出现。”
For his part, Mr. Putin kept his attention in Central Asia, where has been visiting to shore up support for Moscow — all the more important now that the West has moved to make Russia a pariah nation.
就黄俄の爹而言，他一直将注意力集中在中亚，他一直在访问那里以支持对莫斯科的支持——在西方已经开始将俄罗斯变成一个贱民国家的情况下，这一点变得更加重要。
In an apparently calculated bit of Kremlin counterprogramming, the Russian president attended a summit of his own: a gathering in Turkmenistan of the five countries bordering the Caspian Sea. He flew to Turkmenistan early Wednesday from Tajikistan, on the second leg of a two-day trip that took him out of Russia for the first time since the Ukraine war began in February. It was also his first overnight foreign trip since the pandemic began.
显然，在克里姆林宫的反计划中，这位俄罗斯总统参加了他自己的一次峰会：与里海接壤的五个国家在土库曼斯坦举行的一次聚会。 周三早些时候，他从塔吉克斯坦飞往土库曼斯坦，这是为期两天的旅程的第二站，这是他自 2 月乌克兰战争开始以来第一次离开俄罗斯。 这也是他自大流行开始以来的第一次过夜外国旅行。
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In a brief speech to the other leaders at the summit, including the presidents of Kazakhstan, Iran and Azerbaijan, Mr. Putin spoke of trade, tourism, fisheries and environmental issues, though he said not a word about NATO or Ukraine.
在峰会上向包括哈萨克斯坦、伊朗和阿塞拜疆总统在内的其他领导人发表的简短讲话中，黄俄の爹谈到了贸易、旅游、渔业和环境问题，但他只字未提北约或乌克兰。
But later in the day, meeting with reporters after the summit was over, Mr. Putin scoffed at the significance of Finland and Sweden joining NATO — all the while issuing a warning.
但当天晚些时候，在峰会结束后与记者会面时，黄俄の爹嘲笑芬兰和瑞典加入北约的重要性——同时发出警告。
“If military contingents and infrastructure are deployed there,” he said, “we will have to respond in kind and create the same threats against the territories from which threats are created against us,” Mr. Putin said. “It’s obvious. What, don’t they understand?”
“如果在那里部署军事特遣队和基础设施，”他说，“我们将不得不做出同样的回应，并对那些对我们构成威胁的领土制造同样的威胁，”黄俄の爹说。 “很明显。 什么，他们不明白吗？”
Ukrainian leaders praised the NATO news.
乌克兰领导人称赞北约新闻。
“We welcome a cleareyed stance on Russia, as well as accession for Finland and Sweden,” Ukraine’s foreign minister, Dmytro Kuleba, said on Twitter. “An equally strong and active position on Ukraine will help to protect the Euro-Atlantic security and stability.”
乌克兰外交部长德米特罗·库莱巴在推特上说：“我们欢迎对俄罗斯采取明确立场，也欢迎芬兰和瑞典加入。” “在乌克兰问题上同样强大和积极的立场将有助于保护欧洲-大西洋的安全与稳定。”
But it was far from clear that the developments this week could help Ukraine turn the tide in a war in which its forces remain badly outnumbered and outgunned. Mr. Putin has appeared unmoved by foreign condemnations and sanctions as his forces use their superior artillery to bombard Ukrainian cities into submission.
但目前尚不清楚本周的事态发展能否帮助乌克兰扭转这场战争的潮流，在这场战争中，乌克兰的军队仍然人数众多，火力不足。 黄俄の爹似乎对外国的谴责和制裁无动于衷，因为他的部队使用他们的优势火炮轰炸乌克兰城市以使其屈服。
On Wednesday, Ukrainian and Western officials said Moscow was dispatching thousands more soldiers and heavy weapons to eastern Ukraine as it struggles to lay claim to the last patch of sovereign Ukrainian territory in the eastern Luhansk Province.
周三，乌克兰和西方官员表示，莫斯科正向乌克兰东部派遣数千名士兵和重型武器，因为它正在努力争取对卢甘斯克东部乌克兰主权领土的最后一块领土。
“There are battles everywhere,” said Serhiy Haidai, head of the Luhansk regional military administration. “Everywhere the enemy is trying to break through the line of defense. They are trying to destroy all settlements, to later enter only the territory, not the settlement.”
“到处都是战斗，”卢甘斯克地区军事管理局局长谢尔伊·海戴说。 “到处都有敌人试图突破防线。 他们试图摧毁所有定居点，以后只进入领土，而不是定居点。”
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He said the Russians were using rocket-propelled grenade launchers, artillery, mortars, tanks, bombers and long-range missiles to clear the land of life so their infantry could advance.
他说，俄罗斯人正在使用火箭榴弹发射器、火炮、迫击炮、坦克、轰炸机和远程导弹清理生命之地，以便他们的步兵能够前进。
The scorched-earth tactics have enabled the Russians to creep ever closer to Ukrainian positions within the city of Lysychansk in Luhansk Province, part of Moscow’s drive to claim all of eastern Ukraine’s Donbas region. But even with the remarkable expenditure of ammunition, gains have been slow.
焦土战术使俄罗斯人越来越接近卢甘斯克省吕西昌斯克市内的乌克兰阵地，这是莫斯科夺取乌克兰东部顿巴斯地区所有领土的一部分。 但即使弹药消耗巨大，收益也很缓慢。
Russian officials have dismissed claims of atrocities against civilians in Ukraine, insisting that they are limiting their assaults to legitimate military targets.
俄罗斯官员否认了对乌克兰平民暴行的说法，坚称他们将袭击限制在合法的军事目标上。
But across the country, civilian deaths are increasing day by day in smaller-scale attacks that claim handfuls of lives at a time. Even in cities and towns away from the war’s fiercest fighting, civilian casualties have steadily ticked upward.
但在全国范围内，小规模袭击中的平民死亡人数每天都在增加，这些袭击一次会夺去几人的生命。 即使在远离战争最激烈战斗的城镇，平民伤亡人数也在稳步上升。
“They might be going for military structures, but they are mostly hitting civilian infrastructure,” Vitaly Kim, the governor of the Mykolaiv region of southern Ukraine, said at a news briefing Wednesday. “I think they are trying to frighten the local population and demoralize our military.”
乌克兰南部 Mykolaiv 地区州长 Vitaly Kim 在周三的新闻发布会上说：“他们可能会去军事设施，但他们主要攻击民用基础设施。” “我认为他们是在试图吓唬当地居民，让我们的军队士气低落。”
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In her first public update in more than a month, the Biden administration’s director of national intelligence, Avril D. Haines, said Wednesday that Mr. Putin appeared to still be aiming to take most of Ukraine, but that in the short term a breakthrough by Russian forces in the country’s east remained unlikely. The consensus in American intelligence agencies is that the war is likely to go on for an extended time, Ms. Haines said.
拜登政府的国家情报总监艾薇儿·海恩斯（Avril D. Haines）在一个多月以来的首次公开更新中表示，黄俄の爹似乎仍打算占领乌克兰的大部分地区，但在短期内将取得突破 该国东部的俄罗斯军队仍然不太可能。 海恩斯女士说，美国情报机构的共识是，这场战争可能会持续很长时间。
With no sign that a cease-fire may be close, Ukraine announced the largest exchange of prisoners of war since Russia launched its invasion, among them dozens of Ukrainian soldiers who defended against the Russian siege of Mariupol, the southern port city that became a symbol of Ukrainian defiance.
没有迹象表明停火可能即将结束，乌克兰宣布了自俄罗斯入侵以来最大规模的战俘交换，其中有数十名乌克兰士兵防御俄罗斯对马里乌波尔的围攻，马里乌波尔成为了象征性的南部港口城市 乌克兰的蔑视。
While the exchange was shrouded in secrecy, Denis Pushilin, the head of Russian-backed separatist forces in the Donetsk area of Donbas, said that 144 Russian and proxy forces were returned in exchange for 144 Ukrainians.
虽然交换是保密的，但俄罗斯支持的顿涅茨克地区的分离主义势力负责人丹尼斯·普希林说，144 名俄罗斯和代理人被遣返，以换取 144 名乌克兰人。
The expansion of NATO came after protracted negotiations with Turkey, a member of the alliance that had raised objections. Although it was still unclear Wednesday exactly what had persuaded Turkey’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to alter his stance, clues emerged. Some involved Turkey’s concerns about Kurdish separatists.
北约的扩张是在与提出反对的北约成员国土耳其进行了旷日持久的谈判之后进行的。 尽管周三仍不清楚究竟是什么说服了土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安改变立场，但线索出现了。 其中一些涉及土耳其对库尔德分离主义者的担忧。
Ann Linde, the Swedish foreign minister, said that Sweden and Finland had formally agreed not to lend support to Kurdish or other organizations that could harm Turkey’s security, whether with weapons or other aid.
瑞典外交部长安林德表示，瑞典和芬兰已正式同意不向库尔德人或其他可能损害土耳其安全的组织提供支持，无论是提供武器还是其他援助。
“We don’t do that today either, but now it’s explicitly written,” Ms. Linde told Swedish Radio. She said her country would continue to provide humanitarian support to Kurds and others in northeastern Syria.
“我们今天也不这样做，但现在已经明确写了，”林德女士告诉瑞典广播电台。 她说，她的国家将继续向叙利亚东北部的库尔德人和其他人提供人道主义支持。
Both Sweden and Finland will also lift an informal arms embargo on Turkey imposed in 2019 after Turkey had intervened in northern Syria. As new members of NATO, Ms. Linde said, both countries would have “new commitments vis-à-vis allies, and this applies to Turkey as well.”
在土耳其干预叙利亚北部后，瑞典和芬兰也将解除 2019 年对土耳其实施的非正式武器禁运。 林德女士说，作为北约的新成员，两国都将“对盟友做出新的承诺，这也适用于土耳其”。
And the United States on Wednesday signaled a new willingness to sell upgraded F-16 fighter jets to Turkey, moving closer to satisfying the ally’s longstanding request.
美国周三表示愿意向土耳其出售升级后的 F-16 战斗机，从而更接近于满足盟友的长期要求。
American officials insisted the change was unrelated to the NATO expansion.
美国官员坚称，这一变化与北约扩张无关。标红字体均为楼主更改，与原文作者无关。
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